Come Si Usa Il Patch

1. Come Si Usa Il Patch 2

The area of increased plastic particles is located within the, one of the five major.The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a of particles in the north central. It is located roughly from to and to. The collection of plastic and floating trash, which comes primarily from countries in Asia, lies halfway between. It extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range, depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area.

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The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative concentrations of, and other that have been trapped by the currents of the. Despite the common public image of islands of floating rubbish, its low density (4 particles per cubic meter) prevents detection by, or even by casual boaters or divers in the area. It consists primarily of an increase in suspended, often microscopic, particles in the upper.The garbage patch is not easily seen from the sky, because the plastic is dispersed over a large area. Researchers from project claimed that the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometers.

The plastic concentration is estimated to be up to 100 kilograms per square kilometer in the center, going down to 10 kilograms per square kilometer in the outer parts of the patch. An estimated 80,000 metric tons of plastic inhabit the patch, totaling 1.8 trillion pieces. 92% of the mass in the patch comes from objects larger than 0.5 centimeters.Research indicates that the patch is rapidly accumulating. A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean, called the. The patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone.The patch was described in a 1988 paper published by the (NOAA). The description was based on research by several -based researchers in 1988 who measured in the North Pacific Ocean.Researchers found relatively high concentrations of marine debris accumulating in regions governed by ocean currents.

Extrapolating from findings in the, the researchers hypothesized that similar conditions would occur in other parts of the Pacific where prevailing currents were favorable to the creation of relatively stable waters. They specifically indicated the North Pacific Gyre., returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the in 1997, claimed to have come upon an enormous stretch of floating debris. Moore alerted the, who subsequently dubbed the region the 'Eastern Garbage Patch' (EGP). The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of.The was a 2008 trans-Pacific sailing voyage made to highlight the plastic in the patch, organized by the.In 2009, two project vessels from, the New Horizon and the, embarked on a voyage to research the patch and determine the feasibility of commercial scale collection and recycling. The 2009 SEAPLEX expedition also researched the patch. Researchers were also looking at the impact of plastic on, such as.At TEDxDelft2012, unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from oceanic gyres.

Calling his project, he proposed to use surface currents to let debris drift to collection platforms. Operating costs would be relatively modest and the operation would be so efficient that it might even be profitable. The concept makes use of floating booms that divert rather than catch the debris.

This avoids, while collecting even the smallest particles. According to Slat's calculations, a gyre could be cleaned up in five years' time, amounting to at least 7.25 million tons of plastic across all gyres.

He also advocated 'radical plastic pollution prevention methods' to prevent gyres from reforming. In 2015, The Ocean Cleanup project was a category winner in the 's 2015 Designs of the Year awards. A fleet of 30 vessels, including a 32-metre (105-foot) mothership, took part in a month-long voyage to determine how much plastic is present using trawls and aerial surveys.The 2012 Algalita/ Asia Pacific Expedition began in the on 1 May, investigated the patch, collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute, Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other institutions, including NOAA, IPRC. In 2012, the Sea Education Association (SEA) conducted research expeditions in the gyre. One hundred and eighteen net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted. In 2012, researchers Goldstein, Rosenberg and Cheng found that microplastic concentrations in the gyre had increased by two orders of magnitude in the prior four decades.On 11 April 2013, artist founded The at —Paris in front of Director General.In 2015, a study published in the journal sought to discover where exactly all of this garbage is coming from. According to the researchers, the discarded plastics and other debris floats eastward out of countries in Asia from six primary sources: China, the, and.On 9 September 2018, the first collection system was deployed to the gyre to begin the collection task.

This initial trial run of the Ocean Cleanup Project started towing its 'Ocean Cleanup System 001' from a trial site some 240 (260 miles) away. Constitution. The north Pacific Garbage Patch on a continuous ocean mapThe Great Pacific garbage patch formed gradually as a result of ocean or marine pollution gathered. It occupies a relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bounded by the North Pacific Gyre in the.

The gyre's rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific, incorporating coastal waters off North America and Japan. As material is captured in the currents, wind-driven surface currents gradually move debris toward the center, trapping it.In a 2014 study researchers sampled 1571 locations throughout the world's oceans, and determined that discarded fishing gear such as buoys, lines and nets accounted for more than 60% of the mass of plastic marine debris. According to a 2011 report, 'The primary source of marine debris is the improper waste disposal or management of trash and manufacturing products, including plastics (e.g., littering, illegal dumping). Debris is generated on land at marinas, ports, rivers, harbors, docks, and storm drains.

Debris is generated at sea from fishing vessels, stationary platforms, and cargo ships.' Constituents range in size from miles-long abandoned fishing nets to used in cosmetics and abrasive cleaners. A computer model predicts that a hypothetical piece of debris from the U.S. West coast would head for Asia, and return to the U.S. In six years.

Debris from the east coast of Asia in a year or less. While microplastics make up 94 percent the estimated 1.8 trillion plastic pieces, they amount to only eight percent of the 79,000 metric tons of plastic there, with most of the rest coming from the fishing industry.A 2017 study concluded that of the 9.1 billion tons of plastic produced since 1950, close to 7 billion tons are no longer in use. The authors estimate that 9% was, 12% was, and the remaining 5.5 billion tons remains in the oceans and land. Size estimates. Visualisation showing how mass accumulates in gyres.The size of the patch is indefinite, as is the precise distribution of debris, because large items are uncommon. Most debris consists of small plastic particles suspended at or just below the surface, evading detection by aircraft or satellite.

Instead, the size of the patch is determined by sampling. Estimates of size range from (about the size of Texas) to more than 15,000,000 square kilometres (5,800,000 sq mi) (about the size of Russia). Such estimates, however, are conjectural given the complexities of sampling and the need to assess findings against other areas.

Further, although the size of the patch is determined by a higher-than-normal degree of concentration of pelagic debris, there is no standard for determining the boundary between 'normal' and 'elevated' levels of pollutants to provide a firm estimate of the affected area.Net-based surveys are less subjective than direct observations but are limited regarding the area that can be sampled (net apertures 1–2 m and ships typically have to slow down to deploy nets, requiring dedicated ship's time). The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size, with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies. Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or net lined with 0.33 mm mesh. Given the very high level of spatial clumping in marine litter, large numbers of net tows are required to adequately characterize the average abundance of litter at sea.

Long-term changes in plastic meso-litter have been reported using surface net tows: in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in 1999, plastic abundance was 335,000 items/km 2 and 5.1 kg/km 2, roughly an order of magnitude greater than samples collected in the 1980s. Similar dramatic increases in plastic debris have been reported off Japan. However, caution is needed in interpreting such findings, because of the problems of extreme spatial heterogeneity, and the need to compare samples from equivalent water masses, which is to say that, if an examination of the same parcel of water a week apart is conducted, an order of magnitude change in plastic concentration could be observed. — Ryan et alIn August 2009, the / SEAPLEX survey mission of the Gyre found that plastic debris was present in 100 consecutive samples taken at varying depths and net sizes along a path of 1,700 miles (2,700 km) through the patch. The survey found that, although the patch contains large pieces, it is on the whole made up of smaller items that increase in concentration toward the gyre's centre, and these '-like' pieces that are visible just beneath the surface suggests the affected area may be much smaller.

2009 data collected from Pacific populations suggest the presence of two distinct debris zones.In March 2018, published a paper summarizing their findings from the Mega- (2015) and Aerial Expedition (2016). In 2015, the organization crossed the Great Pacific garbage patch with 30 vessels, to make observations and take samples with 652 survey nets. They collected a total of 1.2 million pieces, which they counted and categorized into their respective size classes. In order to also account for the larger, but more rare debris, they also overflew the patch in 2016 with a aircraft, equipped with. The findings from the two expeditions, found that the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometers with a concentration of 10–100 kg per square kilometer.

They estimate an 80,000 metric tons in the patch, with 1.8 trillion plastic pieces, out of which 92% of the mass is to be found in objects larger than 0.5 centimeters.NOAA stated:While 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' is a term often used by the media, it does not paint an accurate picture of the marine debris problem in the North Pacific Ocean. The name 'Pacific Garbage Patch' has led many to believe that this area is a large and continuous patch of easily visible marine debris items such as bottles and other litter—akin to a literal island of trash that should be visible with satellite or aerial photographs. This is not the case. Washed-up plastic waste on a beach in SingaporeThe patch is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic in the neustonic layer of water. Unlike organic debris, which, plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a (without changing chemically). This process continues down to the molecular level. Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, releasing potentially toxic chemicals such as, and derivatives of.

As the plastic photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the pieces become small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean's surface. Plastic may become concentrated in, thereby entering the.Disintegration means that much of the plastic is too small to be seen. In a 2001 study, researchers found concentrations of plastic particles at 334,721 pieces per km 2 with a mean mass of 5.1 kg (11.3 lbs) per km 2, in the neuston. The overall concentration of plastics was seven times greater than the concentration of in many of the sampled areas.

Samples collected deeper in the water column found much lower concentrations of plastic particles (primarily pieces). Effect on marine life and humans. NOAA's marine debris removal in 2014The United Nations Ocean Conference estimated that the oceans might contain more weight in plastics than fish by the year 2050.

Some long-lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine animals. Plastic attracts seabirds and fish. When marine life consumes plastic allowing it to enter the food chain, this can lead to greater problems when species that have consumed plastic are then eaten by other predators.Animals can also become trapped in plastic nets and rings, which can cause death. Are most affected by this. have been sighted within the patch, which poses entanglement and ingestion risks to animals using the Great Pacific garbage patch as a migration corridor or core habitat.Affected species include and the. Receives substantial amounts of from the patch.Direct harm to species Of the 1.5 million that inhabit, nearly all are likely to have plastic in their. Approximately one-third of their chicks die, and many of those deaths are from plastic unwittingly fed to them by their parents.

Twenty tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway every year with five tons ending up in the bellies of albatross chicks. Fish and whales may also mistake the plastic as a food source. Indirect harm via the food chain On the, debris can absorb from seawater, including,. Aside from toxic effects, some of these are mistaken by the as, disrupting hormone levels in affected animals.

These toxin-containing plastic pieces are also eaten by, which are then eaten by fish and then by humans. Spreading invasive species Marine plastics facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems. Debris affects at least 267 species worldwide.Increasing microplastic concentrations has released the insect from substrate limitation. A positive correlation between H. Sericeus and microplastic was observed, along with increasing H. Sericeus egg densities. See also.References.

See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch. A general overview is provided in Dautel, Susan L. 'Transoceanic Trash: International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch', 3 Golden Gate U. Retrieved 29 April 2018.

For this and what follows, see Moore (2004) and Moore (2009), which includes photographs taken from the patch,. ^ www.theoceancleanup.com, The Ocean Cleanup. The Ocean Cleanup. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A. (22 March 2018). Scientific Reports.

8 (1): 4666. Lovett, Richard A. (2 March 2010). National Geographic News. Victoria Gill (24 February 2010). Retrieved 16 March 2010. Day, Robert H.; Shaw, David G.; Ignell, Steven E.

Pp. 247–266. 'After entering the ocean, however, neuston plastic is redistributed by currents and winds.

For example, plastic entering the ocean in Korea is moved eastward by the Subarctic Current (in Subarctic Water) and the Kuroshio (in Transitional Water, Kawai 1972; Favorite et al. 1976; Nagata et al. In this way, the plastic is transported from high-density areas to low-density areas.

In addition to this eastward movement, Ekman stress from winds tends to move surface waters from the subarctic and the subtropics toward the Transitional Water mass as a whole (see Roden 1970: fig. Because of the convergent nature of this Ekman flow, densities tend to be high in Transitional Water.

Come Si Usa Il Patch 2

In addition, the generally convergent nature of water in the North Pacific Central Gyre (Masuzawa 1972) should result in high densities there also.' 261 (Emphasis added). ^ Moore, Charles (November 2003). Berton, Justin (19 October 2007). San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco: Hearst. Retrieved 22 October 2007.

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347 (6223): 768–771. – via science.sciencemag.org. Lavars, Nick (17 October 2018). Retrieved 21 October 2018. Dent, Steve (11 September 2018). Engadget.com.

For this and what follows, see David M. Karl, 'A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre', Ecosystems, Vol. 3 (May – Jun. 181–214 and, for gyres generally, Sverdrup HU, Johnson MW, Fleming RH. The oceans, their physics, chemistry and general biology.

New York: Prentice-Hall. Eriksen, Marcus; Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; Carson, Henry S.; Thiel, Martin; Moore, Charles J.; Borerro, Jose C.; Galgani, Francois; Ryan, Peter G.; Reisser, Julia (10 December 2014). 9 (12): e111913.

Eriksen, Marcus; Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; Carson, Henry S.; Thiel, Martin; Moore, Charles J.; Borerro, Jose C.; Galgani, Francois; Ryan, Peter G.; Reisser, Julia (10 December 2014).

9 (12): e111913. (2011). ^ Ferris, David (May – June 2009). San Francisco: Sierra Club.

Retrieved 13 August 2009. Faris, J.; Hart, K.

'Seas of Debris: A Summary of the Third International Conference on Marine Debris'. Sea Grant College Program and NOAA. 28 March 2008.

Parker, Laura (22 March 2018). National Geographic News. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^. Retrieved 21 July 2017. Brassey, Dr Charlotte (16 July 2017). Retrieved 21 July 2017.

^ Ryan, P. G.; Moore, C. J.; Van Franeker, J. A.; Moloney, C. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1526): 1999–2012.

cite web date=January 4, 2011 url= Garbage Patch Area Exaggerated archive-url= February 2011. 4 January 2011. Young, Lindsay C.; Vanderlip, Cynthia; Duffy, David C.; Afanasyev, Vsevolod; Shaffer, Scott A. Ropert-Coudert, Yan (ed.). 4 (10): e7623.

www.theoceancleanup.com, The Ocean Cleanup. The Ocean Cleanup. Retrieved 8 May 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2017. Thompson, R. C.; Olsen, Y; Mitchell, RP; Davis, A; Rowland, SJ; John, AW; McGonigle, D; Russell, AE (2004). 'Lost at Sea: Where is All the Plastic?'

304 (5672): 838. Barnes, D. A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R. C.; Barlaz, M. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

364 (1526): 1985–98. Barry, Carolyn (20 August 2009). National Geographic News. Retrieved 30 August 2009. Moore, C.J; Moore, S.L; Leecaster, M.K; Weisberg, S.B (2001). 'A Comparison of Plastic and Plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre'. Marine Pollution Bulletin.

42 (12): 1297–300. Wright, Pam (6 June 2017). The Weather Channel. Retrieved 5 May 2018. Holmes, Krissy (18 January 2014). Public Radio International.

Archived from on 6 June 2014. Gibbs, Susan E.; Salgado Kent, Chandra P.; Slat, Boyan; Morales, Damien; Fouda, Leila; Reisser, Julia (9 April 2019).

'Cetacean sightings within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch'. Marine Biodiversity. Chris Jordan (11 November 2009). Retrieved 13 November 2009. 28 March 2008.

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11 September 2015. 27 October 2009. Hoare, Philip (30 March 2016). The Guardian.

Rios, Lorena M.; Moore, Charles; Jones, Patrick R. 'Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment'. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 54 (8): 1230–7. Tanabe, Shinsuke; Watanabe, Mafumi; Minh, Tu Binh; Kunisue, Tatsuya; Nakanishi, Shigeyuki; Ono, Hitoshi; Tanaka, Hiroyuki (2004). 'PCDDs, PCDFs, and Coplanar PCBs in Albatross from the North Pacific and Southern Oceans: Levels, Patterns, and Toxicological Implications'. Environmental Science & Technology.

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Albins; Russell Brainard (April 2007). 'Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: An examination of rates and processes'.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 54 (4): 423–433. Rei Yamashita; Atsushi Tanimura (2007). 'Floating plastic in the Kuroshio Current area, western North Pacific Ocean'. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 54 (4): 485–488. Masahisa Kubota; Katsumi Takayama; Noriyuki Horii (2000).

School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University. Gregory, M.R.; Ryan, P.G. 'Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris: a review of Southern Hemisphere perspectives'. In Coe, J.M.; Rogers, D.B. Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, Solutions.

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